B2B Cross-Border Payments: A Safety Guide for First-Time Importers
T/T, L/C, D/P and escrow — how each payment method protects (or fails to protect) you, and the concrete steps that stop most payment fraud.
本記事は英語と中国語でご利用いただけます。表現が異なる場合は英語版が優先します。
How payment methods shift risk
In cross-border trade, payment and delivery are never simultaneous, so one party always carries interim risk. Telegraphic transfer (T/T) shifts nearly all risk to the buyer — you pay before goods are shipped, trusting the seller's performance. A letter of credit (L/C) balances risk by making the bank pay only against compliant documents. D/P (documents against payment) releases shipping documents only upon payment, giving the seller security without a bank's involvement.
The pattern to understand: the more buyer-protective the method, the more it costs and the slower it is. L/Cs involve bank fees and document discipline; D/P depends on the honesty of banks in both countries; T/T is fast and cheap but trust-based.
The fraud patterns that actually occur
1) Account hijacking — the seller's email is compromised and payment instructions are changed at the last minute. 2) Fake companies — a website and photos that mimic a real factory. 3) Document fraud — bills of lading or inspection reports that are forged or duplicated for a second claim. 4) The 'advance fee' — an initial small payment that keeps growing for 'fees' while no goods ever ship.
Most of these are detectable before you send a cent: verify the payment account matches the seller's legal name (ask for a bank statement showing their own name), confirm bank details over a second channel (a voice call to a number you independently sourced), and never pay a 'changed' account without verbal confirmation.
A sensible payment structure for first orders
A widely used pattern: 30% deposit with the order, 70% against a copy of the B/L (or against inspection results) — or 20/20/60 against deposit, sample approval and B/L. Cap the deposit at a level you can afford to lose. For orders above USD 50k, an L/C at sight or a confirmed L/C shifts much of the risk to banks at a manageable cost.
Add independent verification to the loop: third-party pre-shipment inspection (SGS, Bureau Veritas, Intertek, or a local inspector), and for large orders, confirmation that the goods have actually been loaded (forwarder's cargo receipt, container number, and a photo of the sealed container).
よくある質問
What payment method should I use for my first order?
For most first orders, a 30% T/T deposit with the balance against the B/L — plus a pre-shipment inspection — is the pragmatic default. It is fast, low-cost, and the inspection covers most of the risk. Consider L/C once order values exceed what you are comfortable risking.
Is a letter of credit completely safe?
No — an L/C protects against the seller's non-performance only to the extent the documents prove shipment, and banks pay against documents, not goods. Discrepancies between documents (e.g., a B/L date after the latest shipment date) let the bank refuse payment. L/Cs are also affected by bank fraud in rare cases. They are safer than prepayment, not absolute.
I've been asked to pay a new bank account — what should I do?
Stop and verify. Email account compromise is the most common payment fraud in B2B trade. Confirm the change over a phone call using a number you found independently (not one from the possibly-compromised email thread), ask why the account changed, and request a bank statement in the seller's legal name. Never rush a payment because of urgency pressure — urgency is the fraudster's main tool.
本記事は一般的な商取引情報であり、法律・税務・通関の助言ではありません。実行前に通関業者・検査機関・弁護士にご確認ください。
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